Because Windows Server 2008 R2 provides many different functions, each organization has to choose how to best implement Windows Server 2008 R2 and the various networking features that meet its own needs. In small network environments with fewer than 20 to 30 users, an organization might choose to implement all the Windows Server 2008 R2 features on a single server. However, in larger environments, multiple servers might be implemented to improve system performance, as well as provide fault tolerance and redundancy; thus, a more staged implementation of core services needs to be taken.
Windows Server 2008 R2 Core to an Active Directory Environment
对于一个组织，没有Windows的Active Directory已经到位，这是一个开始的地方，因为Active Directory域服务的关键是应用程序和用户身份验证。对于已经有一个全面运作的Active Directory组织在Windows 2003或Windows 2008升级到Active Directory域服务的Windows服务器上运行的2008 R2可能是东西是需要AD DS 2008 R2功能时，在升级周期稍后处理。得到了很多像2008 R2 DFS，SharePoint Services时，Hyper-V的虚拟化，所以在Windows Server 2008 R2的服务器功能，企业仍然可以在旧的Active Directory环境（通常为活动目录2003本机模式）运行。然而，问题是，Active Directory的2008 R2是无法得到的Windows Server 2008 R2服务器角色功能的先决条件。
Because Active Directory is more than a simple list of users and passwords for authentication into a network, but rather a directory that Microsoft has embedded into the policy-based security, remote access security, and certificate-based security enhancements in Windows Server 2008 R2, AD DS 2008 implementation does occur earlier in the migration cycle for organizations wanting to implement many of the new Active Directory 2008 R2 technologies, such as Active Directory Recycle Bin, Offline Domain Join, Managed Service Accounts, and the ability to use PowerShell cmdlets within a Group Policy Object.
Windows Server 2008 R2 extends the capabilities of the Active Directory by creating better management tools, provides for more robust directory replication across a global enterprise, and allows for better scalability and redundancy to improve directory operations. Windows Server 2008 R2 effectively adds in more reliability, faster performance, and better management tools to a system that can be leveraged as a true enterprise directory provisioning, resource tracking, and resource management tool. Because of the importance of Active Directory to the Windows Server 2008 R2 operating system, plus the breadth of capabilities that Active Directory can facilitate, six chapters in Part II of this book are dedicated to Active Directory.
在Windows Server 2008 R2上内置应用服务器功能
不亚于许多管理员认为的Active Directory当操作系统的新版本可用来升级，现实中的关键领域之一，Active Directory的往往不是第一件事就是更新。相反，真正的商业驱动程序迁移到Windows Server 2008 R2通常来自内置可用的Windows Server 2008 R2上的应用服务器程序。
Windows Server 2008 R2 comes with several programs and utilities to provide robust networking capabilities. In addition to the basic file and print capabilities covered earlier in this chapter, Windows Server 2008 R2 can provide name resolution for the network and enable high availability through clustering and fault tolerance, connectivity for mobile users, web services functions, and dozens of other application server functions.
When convincing management that an upgrade to Windows Server 2008 R2 is important, the IT professional needs to sift through the technologies built in to Windows Server 2008 R2 and pick those services that help an organization use technology to achieve its business initiatives. When planning the implementation of Windows Server 2008 R2, a network architect needs to consider which of the server services are desired, how they will be combined on servers, and how they will be made redundant across multiple servers for business continuity failover.
For a small organization, the choice to combine several server functions to a single system or to just a few systems is one of economics. However, an organization might distribute server services to multiple servers to improve performance (covered in Chapter 34), distribute administration (covered in Chapter 18), create server redundancy (covered in Chapter 29), create a disaster recovery strategy (covered in Chapter 31, “Recovering from a Disaster”), enable security (covered in Chapter 13), or to serve users in other remote site locations of the organization (covered in Chapter 32).
Some of the built-in application server functions in Windows Server 2008 R2 include the following:
域控制器 -Like in previous versions of the Windows operating system, the domain controller enables users to authenticate to the domain for access to network resources.
Global catalog server—全局目录服务器是还存储AD DS的一个子集从林中的其他域中的对象的域控制器。当与适当的安全权限的内部或外部用户想要看的Active Directory用户的列表，在森林，全局编录服务器提供的列表。
DNS服务器 -The domain name system (DNS) maintains a list of network servers and systems and their associated IP addresses, so a DNS server provides information about the devices connected to the network.
DHCP服务器 -The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) assigns IPv4 and/or IPv6 network addresses to devices on the network. Windows Server 2008 R2 provides the service function to facilitate DHCP addresses to network devices.
Cluster server—当容错能力是非常重要的一个组织，集群故障转移提供了从一个系统到另一个。在Windows Server 2008 R2提供的能力，链接系统连接在一起，这样，当一个系统出现故障时，另一个系统接管。
Network Policy Server—NPS is the Microsoft implementation of a Remote Authentication Dial-in User Service (RADIUS) server and proxy. NPS performs centralized connection authentication, authorization, and accounting for many types of network access, including wireless and virtual private network (VPN) connections. NPS routes authentication and accounting messages to other RADIUS servers. It also acts as a health evaluation server for Network Access Protection (NAP).
远程桌面服务器 -Instead of having a full desktop or laptop computer for each user on the network, organizations have the option of setting up simple, low-cost thin terminals for users to gain access to network resources. Windows Server 2008 R2 Remote Desktop Services allows a single server to host network system access for dozens of users.
Remote access server—When a remote user has a desktop or laptop system and needs access to network services, Windows Server 2008 R2 provides remote access services that allow the remote systems to establish a secure remote connection.
Web server—As more and more technologies become web-aware and are hosted on web servers, Windows Server 2008 R2 provides the technology to host these applications for browser-based access.
媒体服务器 -With information extending beyond text-based word processing documents and spreadsheets into rich media such as video and audio, Windows Server 2008 R2 provides a source for hosting and publishing video and audio content.
Virtualization server—Windows Server 2008 R2 provides the core capabilities to do server virtualization, providing the capability for an organization to consolidate physical servers into fewer host server systems, thus decreasing the total cost of IT operations.
Distributed File System (DFS) server—在过去的十年中，数据文件被存储在文件服务器上的所有周围的组织。在Windows Server 2008 R2提供了分布式文件系统，允许一个组织采取分布式文件控制到一个共同的统一的命名空间。
These plus several other functions provide robust networking services that help organizations leverage the Windows Server 2008 R2 technologies into solutions that solve business needs.
Windows Server 2008 R2 Running Add-in Applications Server Functions
Although some of the newer, built-in server application functions in Windows Server 2008 R2—such as Network Policy Server, server virtualization, Remote Desktop Services Web Access, Media Server, and so on—provide key areas for organizations to select as initial areas to implement Windows Server 2008 R2 technologies, other organizations might find add-in applications as being the key areas that drive an initial implementation of Windows Server 2008 R2. Some of the add-in applications come from Microsoft, such as the Microsoft Exchange Server 2010 messaging system or Microsoft SQL Server 2008 database system. Other add-ins to Windows Server 2008 R2 are provided by companies that provide human resource management applications; accounting software; document management tools; fax or voicemail add-ins; or other business, industry, or user productivity capabilities.
在早期的Windows Server操作系统的核心操作系统提供简单的登录和网络连接功能;然而，与Windows Server 2008 R2，操作系统包括内置到Windows Server 2008 R2操作系统环境中的许多核心功能。随着集成容错，数据恢复，服务器的安全性，远程访问连接，网络接入技术，以及类似的功能，企业创建加载项到Windows Server 2008 R2可以专注于业务功能和能力，而不是核心基础设施的可靠性，安全性和移动接入功能。第三方的要求，这卸载外接组织实施基本的网络技术到他们的应用使这些开发人员专注于提高自己的应用程序的业务效率和功能。此外，整合的信息路由，安全远程管理，等等到核心操作系统提供通信，认证，并获得用户的常用方法而无需加载了专门的驱动程序，插件，或工具，以支持每每一个新的应用程序。
Much of the shift from application-focused infrastructure components to core operating system-focused functionality was built in to Windows 2000 and then later enhanced in Windows 2003 and Windows Server 2008. There were many challenges to earlier versions of the Windows operating system; however, after being on the market for many years now, Windows Server 2008 R2 add-ins have had several revisions to work through system functionality and component reliability between application and operating system. Fortunately, Windows Server 2008 R2 uses the same application/operating system technology used in Windows 2003 and Windows Server 2008, so applications written for Windows 2003 and Windows Server 2008 typically need just a simple service pack update to be able to run on Windows Server 2008 R2, if anything at all.
Summary
本章为内容简介是为了突出新特点，功能，迁移工具和管理工具在Windows Server 2008 R2，这将有助于管理员采取的新的操作系统的功能优势。如果Windows Server 2008 R2中被视为只是一个简单的升级到Windows 2000/2003/2008，组织将不会从操作系统的增强功能中获益。然而，与在Windows Server 2008 R2操作系统的能力得到充分利用，企业可以通过使用内置在操作系统中的新工具和技术，提高员工服务。
因为Windows Server 2008 R2是一个相对sim卡ple migration from existing Windows 2003 and Windows 2008 Active Directory environments, and Windows Server 2008 R2 application servers can be added to existing Active Directory 2000/2003/2008 domains, the migration process really is one where the IT administrators need to prioritize which Windows Server 2008 R2 services to install or migrate to first, and to then plan and test the new technologies to make sure they improve IT services to the organization.
Best Practices
The following are best practices from this chapter: